Janachenk Hayrenike flyer
The flag of the Republic of Armenia is the tricolor, made up of three equally divided horizontal stripes of red, blue and orange. It was established as the state flag on August 23, 1990 following a decision by the supreme Soviet of Armenia.This had also been the flag of the First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920).
The RED symbolizes the BLOOD shed by the Armenian people in its struggle for freedom.
The BLUE stands for the clear SKY of Armenia.
The ORANGE symbolizes the golden fields of WHEAT.The tricolor is a constant reminder that the freedom attained through struggle will be maintained by the people's hard work under the peaceful blue sky of Armenia.
Mer hayrenik, azad angakh
Vor abrel e tare tar,
your vortike art ganchoom en,
Azad angakh Hayasdan.
Aha yeghpayr kez mi trosh
Vor im tserkov kordzetsi
Kishernere yes koon chegha
Ardasoukov lvatsi.
Nayir nran yerek kooynov
Nviragan mer nshan,
Togh poghpoghi tshnamoo tem
Togh mishd bandza Hayasdan.
Amenayn degh,
mahe mi e ,
Mart mi ankam bid merni,
Payts yerani, vor ir azki
Azadootyan ge zohvi.
(Translation )
Our free and independent fatherland,
That has lived and lived for centuries,
Your sons are now demanding
A free and independent Armenia (state).
O Brother, here is a flag
That I worked for you,
I sat up the nights awaken,
And washed it by my tears .
Look at its tricolor,
Our only sacred symbol.
Let it glitter against the enemy,
Let it always glorify Armenia.
Everywhere death is the same,
One will only die once,
But blessed are those who sacrifice
For the freedom of their nation.
EMBLEM
The state emblem of the Republic of Armenia has been established in 1991. Except for a few insignificant changes, it is almost a replica of the emblem of the First Republic of Armenia (1918-1920).
It was originally designed by architect Alexander Tamanian and artist Hagop Gojoyan.
Mount Ararat with Noah's arch on the shield symbolizes the persistence of the Armenian people. The four corners of the shield include the emblems of the four historical Armenian kingdoms:
Ardashesian, Arshagouniats, Pakradouniats, Roupinian.
The lion and the eagle holding the shield represenArmenianl power that armenians ought to have to protect their fatherland.
The sword, the branch, the ribbon, the wheat stalks and the broken chain are the means through which a Free Armenia could prosper
Country Name: conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
conventional short form: Armenia
local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
local short form: Hayastan
former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic; Armenian Republic
Government type: republic
National capital: Yerevan
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces (marzer, singularÂmarz) and 1 city* (k'aghak'ner, singular - k'aghak'); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan* Independence: 28 May 1918 (First Armenian Republic);
23 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday:
Referendum Day, 21 September
Constitution: adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age;
universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Robert KOCHARIAN (since 30 March 1998)
Head of government: Prime Minister Antranik Markarian
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
Legislative branch:Unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin joghov (131 seats; members serve four-year terms)
Elections:Last held in the spring of 2003
Judicial branch:Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
Ethnic groups:Armenian 93%, Azeri 3%, Russian 2%, other (mostly Yezidi Kurds) 2% (1989)
Population: 3,344,336 (July 2000 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 24% (male 415,297; female 400,590)15-64 years: 66% (male 1,084,588; female 1,131,387)65 years and over: 10% (male 129,890; female 182,584) (2000 est.)
Languages: Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99%
THE PRESIDENT
Robert Kocharian is born in1954 in Karabagh. He graduated from the Polytechnic Institute in Yerevan Â82 and worked in the Stepanakert Electro-Technical Factory. From 1989-91 he was elected as deputy of the National Assembly. In 1992 was appointed Prime Minister and in 1996 was elected president of Karabagh Republic. In March 1997 he was appointed Prime Minister of Armenia by president Levon Der Bedrossian. Since April 1998 he is the president of Armenia.
Membership in International Organizations
World Health Organization (WHO)Apr92
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Apr92
Conference on Security & Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)Apr92
International Monetary Fund (IMF) May92
UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)May92
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) June92
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization , June 92
United Nations Educational, Scientific &Cultural Organization (UNESCO) June92
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)Aug92
Universal Postal Union (UPU) Sept92
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)Oct92
International Labor Organization (ILO) NovÂ92
International Criminal & Police Organization (INTERPOL)Nov92
World Bank (Nov92)
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)93
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)Jan93
International Atomic Energy Association(IAEA)Sept93
Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO)Nov93
International Organization for Migration (IOM) Nov93
GEOGRAPHY
Location:Southwestern Asia, east of Turkey
Geographic coordinates: 40 00 N, 45 00 E
Map references: Commonwealth of Independent States
Area: total: 29,800 sq km land: 28,400 sq km water: 1,400 sq km
Land boundaries: total: 1,254 km border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Nakhichevan 221 km, Georgia 164km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km
Climate: highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Terrain: high Armenian Plateau with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley Elevation extremes: lowest point: Debed River 400 m
highest point: Aragats Lerr 4,095 m
Natural resources: small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina
Land use: arable land: 17% permanent crops: 3% permanent pastures: 24% forests and woodland: 15% other: 41% (1993 est.) Irrigated land: 2,870 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
STAMPS
The First Armenian Republic (1918-20) initially used the stamps of Tsarist Russia. Meantime the Government ordered from Paris a series of ten stamps but these were never circulated because Armenia was incorporated in the Soviet Union. Starting from 1924 soviet postage stamps were circulated in Armenia. After Independence (1991) Armenia issues its own stamps.he First Armenian Republic (1918-20) initially used the stamps of Tsarist Russia. Meantime the Government ordered from Paris a series of ten stamps but these were never circulated because Armenia was incorporated in the Soviet Union. Starting from 1924 soviet postage stamps were circulated in Armenia. After Independence (1991) Armenia issues its own stamps.The First Armenian Republic (1918-20) initially used the stamps of Tsarist Russia. Meantime the Government ordered from Paris a series of ten stamps but these were never circulated because Armenia was incorporated in the Soviet Union. Starting from 1924 soviet postage stamps were circulated in Armenia. After Independence (1991) Armenia issues its own stamps. The First Armenian Republic (1918-20) initially used the stamps of Tsarist Russia. Meantime the Government ordered from Paris a series of ten stamps but these were never circulated because Armenia was incorporated in the Soviet Union. Starting from 1924 soviet postage stamps were circulated in Armenia. After Independence (1991) Armenia issues its own stamps.The First Armenian Republic (1918-20) initially used the stamps of Tsarist Russia. Meantime the Government ordered from Paris a series of ten stamps but these were never circulated because Armenia was incorporated in the Soviet Union. Starting from 1924 soviet postage stamps were circulated in Armenia. After Independence (1991) Armenia issues its own stamps. .
CURRENCY
On Nov. 29, 1993, the Republic of Armenia broke her last link with the former Soviet Union by adopting the "Dram" as a new national currency (denoted as ADM). Five denominations, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 Tram, were issued and placed into circulation. Later on 500, 1000 and 5000 drams were added to make a complete set of 8 denominations. In December 1998 a new dram design has been issued, and a 20,000 & 50,000 dram notes are also in use since 2001.
Currency: 1 Dollar = 450 AMD
LANGUAGE
The Armenian language is an independent, one-language subgroup within the Indo-European language family. After the creation of the Armenian alphabet in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots the Holy Bible was translated from Greek. This has been regarded as a masterpiece by many linguists. During the centuries the dialect into which the Bible was translated became the standard language - krapar, or Classical Armenian. Numerous literary works, both original and translations, were written in that period in krapar. Amongst the first texts to be translated and studied were those of the great Greek philosophers, politicians and theologians. Many works in Classical Greek, Latin and other languages exist today only in their Armenian translations. A unique collection of priceless ancient documents is preserved in the Madenataran, in Yerevan. Religious lyricism reached its pinnacle in the 10th century with the works of Grigor of Narek.
The 12th century witnessed the rise of yet another summit of medieval lyricism in the person of Nerses Shnorhali (the Gracious) who wrote many sharakans, or hymns, used in the Armenian mass. It was toward the end of this period (1095-1344) that poetry, including poems on love and other secular themes, began to appear in Armenian literature. In the 16th century, it was Nahabed Kouchag who embodied this new movement in poetry. And this new poetic form continued to the time of Sayat Nova (18th century), who wrote and composed in Armenian, Azeri and Georgian, singing of courtly love and the unattainable beauty of the beloved.
The 19th century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. By abandoning the classical Armenian and adopting the modern Ashkharapar a vast variety of literary work was published in the form of books, periodicals and newspapers.. In the 20th century themes dealing with nationalistic aspirations, ethnic identity and social change dominated the literature. Academic studies & research on Scientific material and Humanitieswere also published.
In the 3rd-4th centuries, the Greek and Assyrian priests, who came to Armenia to spread Christianity, started to ruthlessly crush the Armenian pagan culture and literature. Greek and Syriac became the official languages of church ceremonies. In 387, Armenia was divided into two vassal states subject to the Byzantine and Sasanian empires. The Armenian statehood ceased to exist in Byzantine Armenia, while it preserved semi-independence in the Persian part. In order to force Armenia into final submission, the Persians considered it necessary to dominate those ideological preconditions, which could have favored the aspirations to obtain political independence. For this purpose, they tried to forcibly spread their religion, Mazdaism. Subsequently, the political interests of the Armenian people were confined into the further spread of Christianity. To intensify Christian propaganda, the religious literature had to be developed by means of an Armenian script, and liturgy and sermons had to be performed in Armenian. Creation of an Armenian script and literature would have been of great significance in strengthening the interior front and forces in Armenia. For this reason, devising an alphabet became a matter of state importance. King Vramshapuh entrusted the task of inventing the Armenian alphabet to Mesrop Mashtots, the learned cleric, a prominent statesman and public figure, who undertook this work with persistence and brilliantly carried out his historical mission.
Mesrop Mashtots was born in the village of Hatsegats, in the province of Daron. In his childhood, he learned Greek and studied literature. He worked as a secretary and interpreter at the Arsacid royal court. He was well-versed in Greek, Persian, Syriac and Georgian languages. He left the court and became a priest. In 405, after long scholarly research he managed to differentiate 38 sounds comprising the Armenian words, with a brilliant exactness. He created a letter for each sound and gave each sound a name, numerical value and defined the left to right, horizontal direction for the script. Immediately after the invention of the alphabet, schools opened in Armenia, translators started to be trained and church ceremonies were performed in armenian. He died on February 17, 440 and was buried in Oshagan, after a solemn ceremony attendArmenianltitude of people.
*****
The first armenian printed book, which was called the Oorpatakirk, was published Armeniane in 1512 by Hagop Meghabard.
Other armenian publishing houses in different European cities: Constantinople (1567), Lvov (1616), Milan (1628), Holy Echmiadzin (1774), St. Lazare (1788) .
The Armenian translation of the The Holy Bible was first printed in Amsterdam in 1655.
The first Armenian newspaper Aztarar was issued in Madras (INDIA) in 1794.
12 newspapers are published in the Diaspora, of which only three do not align to political parties: the Jamanag & Marmara of Istanbul and the Harc of Paris.
FAMILY, CLAN, KIN, SURNAME
Princely houses (nakhararagan endanik) developed in Armenia during the rule of the Arsacid dynasty (66-375AD). They were not something of a novelty in our history, as they were already apparent during the reign of the Artaxiads (189BC-6AD). King Artashes (Artaxias) had divided the country into 120 areas and appointed tribal elders of various regions in Armenia or his close relations to govern those provinces.
Nakharars, the noble class representatives who were given the status of the governor, held important offices at the kingÂs palace. Eventually these offices acquired force of law and were defined as the special competence of the princely houses, not to be challenged even by the king.
For instance, the Mamikonians were the commanders-in-chief (sparabed) of all the armed forces of Armenia; and the office for coronation procedures and ceremonies were bestowed on to the Bagratuni family. The nakharars were legally subordinate to the king of Armenia, whose principle domain was the Ararat valley. Each princely house had a particular patrimonial domain, which was regarded as ÂhomelandÂ. Thus, the Mamikonians established themselves in Taron and Mush, the Artsrunis in Vaspurakan, the Gnunis in Sipan, the Syunik princes in Syunik, the Gamsaragans in Kars and the Bagratunis in Nakhidjevan.
IAN or YAN suffix
The suffix -ian in Armenian family names has been used since olden times. Added to personal names, it forms adjectives that show belonging or relations, i.e. indicative of family name or surname. The general list of Armenian nakharars shows that some of them are descendants of Urartian princes of the 9th-5th centuries BC.
When surnames came into common use, everybody was free to assume a preferred family name, which usually related to places of residence, dominating political and social conditions, everyday life and occupation. Thus, family names derived from patronymic names (Grigorian, Hovhannisian, Asaturian), feminine names (Martayan), names denoting family members (Babigian, Dadian, Hairikian), birthplace or place names (Karinian, Yerzngatsian, Karsian, Habeshian, Moskovian). Family names originated from nouns denoting office (Keshishian, Varjabedian, Papazian), military rank (Dasnabedian, Chavoushian), title or honour name (Baronian, Pashayan, Sultanian, Amirian), occupation (Terzian, Kassabian, Hekimian). There is a wide range of surnames based on moral qualities (Partamian, Shirinian, Azadian), physical defects (Topalian), surnames denoting senses (Karagyozian) or deriving from words of mocking nature (Abtalian, Jebitelikian). Also, surnames may be comprised of adjectives (Galinian), names of birds (Leylekian, Bulbulian), animals (Tekeyan, Aslanian), flowers (Vardian, Garanfilian), fruits (Portugalian), foods (Pilavian, Balian), elements (Arevian, Hovian), stones and metals (Marmarian, Elmasian).
Names, surnames and titles, especially in the pre-Christian period, had a social nature and showed hierarchic order. History shows that after the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty, when the Parthian Arsacids established themselves in Armenia, the Armenian feudal system based on Parthian feudal standards comprised big landowners that enjoyed political power and sovereign rights in their states. Foremost in the hierarchic order was the nobility, called nakharars, or Princely Houses which was used in ancient sources to mean land/world/state or province. In ancient Armenia, each nakharar state was called Âworld and each nakaharar house had a nahapet (danouder, der), the kin representative who held the power within his domains. In feudal times, kin names became the monopoly of the nobility, the ruling class. The ramiks, who were the lowest order in the feudal system, were deprived of using surnames and the right of property.
The oldest surviving complete Armenian manuscript is a 7th century Gospel copied on parchment; a most rare parchment manuscript is the Lazarian Gospel of 887; while the oldest extant Armenian paper manuscript is a collection of scientific and historical-philosophical works written in the year 981. Armenian manuscripts vary in size and in volume. The largest being the HOMILIES of Moush which is 55X70 cm. and weighs 27.5Kg. ; the smallest is a 1434 CALENDER which is 3 X 4 cm. And weighs 19 grams. The Homilies of Mush (written in 1202) is a collection of the biographies of saints, facts from their lives, odes, sermons as well as excerpts from the works of Armenian historians.
There existed special guide books of drawing, the so called Badgeratsouyts. It contains contour drawings of separate figures and details, as well as whole compositions or their fragments. There are also drawings of headpieces and ornaments, supplied with instructions as to what color ought to be used in the details. In some of the manuscripts, texts concerning methods of writing and calligraphy may be found.
Dyes were prepared from local raw materials. The Armenians made a red dye from the cochineal worm . This dye, with its several shades, was of high quality. It was used for painting, coloring wool, cloth and leather. Being a source of foreign trade, much in demand in other countries, it was known in Europe as ÂArmenian redÂ. Gum or egg white was used as a glue.
Miniature painting occupied an outstanding place in the fine arts of medieval Armenia. In the 13th-14th centuries, manuscript illumination flourished vigorously and acquired a natural character. About 25,000 Armenian manuscripts are extant in the world, of which 11,000 are preserved in the Mashdots Madenataran in Yerevan.
None of the manuscripts created immediately after the invention of the Armenian alphabet in 405 have come down to us. The most ancient extant specimen dates from the 7th century. The Lazarian Gospel (887) is the first dated memorial of Armenian book painting that has been preserved. Gospels comprise the greater part of manuscripts, and specimens dating from the 6th-9th centuries are rarities.
Paper was used for illumination from the second half of the 13th century. The depiction of the battle of Avarayr was the first miniature of secular content (1482).
The pages of books, written by Armenian historiographers, were made from animal skins. Such pages were called makaghat (parchment) and books - madyan (manuscript). Parchment of high quality was delicate, transparent and white. Scribes, who copied and illuminated the manuscripts, used inks made of plant sap and vortan garmir, a red dye from cochineal worm; they used eagle-quills and other birds feathers as pens.
The parchment or paper sheets were folded in the middle and each part was divided into three; these 12-paged notebooks were written and illuminated, and then bound into books. To line the paper and to draw straight lines, canon-tables, arches and margins, rulers and compasses were used, which left slight traces on the parchment or paper. Then the miniaturist drew the main outlines of the ornament and the sections to be gilded with vortan garmir. Afterwards, watercolour was applied according to the style of a school or period and the masterÂs taste.
The 5th-6th centuries may be considered the beginning of painting. According to L. Durnovo, the Russian scholar, miniature painting developed in two main trends. One trend was academic, which fitted to the tastes of the upper class and courtiers, with the centres in the monasteries of Haghpad, Sanahin, Klatsor and Datev, the other was popular, peculiar to the lower ranks of people, with the centre in Vaspurakan.
In the millennial history of Armenian book illumination, miniature painting attained a high degree of excellence in the kingdom of Cilicia. Richness of ornaments, brightness of harmonious and exquisite colouring, delicateness and mastery, skilled representation of human figures - these are the features that characterize the Armenian art of the 12th-13th centuries in Cilicia. The works of Toros Roslin are the highest attainment of Cilician miniature painting.
MADENATARAN
The building of the Madenataran in Yerevan was built from 1945-1957 (architect Mark Krikorian). In front of the Madenataran building there are the statues of outstanding figures of Armenian culture. From left to right, Toros Roslin, Krikor Datevatsi, Anania Shiragatsi, Movses Khorenatsi, Mkhitar Kosh and Frig. The statue of Mesrob Mashdots is on the lower level. Above its head on the wall are carved the first sentences translated and written by Mashdots in Armenian after the invention of the alphabet:
By acquiring knowledge and truth, you understand the words of wisdom..
In various libraries and museums of the world ( Jerusalem, Venice, New Julfa (Iran), Zmmar (Lebanon), Moscow, Paris, London , Los Angeles & elsewhere) there are at present some 25,000 Armenian Manuscripts, the largest collection being the one at the Mashdots Madenataran in Yerevan.
All the materials in the scientific preservation and bibliographical sections of the Mashdots Madenataran are processed, described and researched and then made available to historians, philologists and scholars of various fields of science so that the different aspects of medieval history and culture may be thoroughly examined.
STRUCTURE
The most ancient settlements consisted of two main town-building elements: the castle-fortress and the settlement adjacent to it or surrounding it. In the Middle Ages, feudal relations changed this rule a little and three town-building elements  the fortress-citadel, the town proper and residential quarters appeared in Armenia, similar to other eastern countries. The residential quarters were envisaged for workers, and the town proper for the ruling class, the clergy, the army, and the merchant class; consequently, the town proper was better organized and rich in architecture.
Old Armenian rural communities were mostly comprised of various ethnographic groupings. Tribal communal life was peculiar to those living in Western Armenia, where insecure life and constant plundering obliged the people to unite more closely.
The Squares adjacent to the settlements were used for festivities, theatrical performances and feasts.
Medieval towns and housing estates were located on main roads, while rural settlements were basically established in ravines and valleys. Numerous paths and narrow ways connected mountainous villages.
Several circumstances conditioned the choice of site and position for a settlement. The place had to overlook the sunny side, have beautiful scenery, be protected from winds and be close to springs. It was essential to have easy irrigation and an access to pastures. Also, the siteÂs defenses had to be reliable. Besides, it had to have means for drainage of rainwater and quick removal of sewage. Availability of falling water was likewise taken into account as its power was used to work water mills.
In the old-type dwelling houses, klkhadoun is a rectangular room with a dome-shaped roof, constructed of horizontal beams, the whole roofing or its central part on a square, rectangular or polyhedral base. The cupola rises on piers or directly on walls and is covered with a heat-insulated and waterproof shield of earth. To admit light and air, yertik, a square or round opening was left on top of the beams. Old klkhadouns were completely void of windows but for the yertik, which was later installed with glass.
Four khachkars (cross-stones) were traditionally erected on the highlands around the settlement according to geographical directions "to save people from disasters".
HAZARASHEN
Hazarashen, which means made up of 1000 pieces, is a special kind of roofing, typical of peasant houses in Armenia. In Armenian architecture, there are numerous types of hazarashen, which have a common character in structure  the intersecting beams form a dome-like shape, narrowing on the top.
Earth and clay, the most widespread building materials in ancient Armenian architecture, were used in laying the floors or roofs, and plastering the walls. Walls were mostly mud-laid, constructed in crude brickwork of earth and clay. Masons added straw in mortar mixtures and sometimes ash in crude brick to strengthen the mix. Lime was rarely used, being an expensive building material.
Wood was also used in building, most frequently as material for covering and scaffolding. Oak was widely used to make pillars, beams and furniture.
KLKHADOUN
Klkhadoun [Klkhavor = main part, doun = house] is the central space of the Âcasa popolare found in Armenia, other parts of a house are subordinate to it in terms of position, shape and volume. Stables and stalls are adjacent to klkhadoun in cattle-breeding regions, while in gardening regions, these are cellars and winepress rooms. The number and size of barns showed the owners wealth.
The use of fire predetermined the design of a dwelling house, i.e. the prehistoric layout and volume solutions. Tonir is a more developed form of a hearth.
In the 19th century, such rooms with yertik opening for illumination or smoke, were replaced by structures with a balcony and windows, peculiar to town buildings.
CROSS STONES
Cross-stones or khachkars [khach = cross, kar = stone], slabs of stone, fitted into bases, and decorated with ornate crosses sculpted in relief, appeared in Armenia in the 9th-10th centuries, after the liberation from Arab domination. The eastern face of a cross-stone is entirely carved, while the other side is smooth or covered with an inscription.
The centre of the carved face represents a cross, while the rest of the stone surface is covered with intricate and delicate floral and geometric motifs. Later, in the 11th-12th centuries, the bases-supports of cross-stones were decorated as well and acquired an architectural significance. In this period, delicate and slender shapes and proportions were finally adopted, the height of the slab being twice its width in the base. Cross-stones were erected as memorials to commemorate the completion or restoration of a church, the name of a donor, or acts of devotion.
It is a rare occurrence to find single, isolated khachkars; they are frequently indispensable elements of larger complexes and add to their architectural image. They were also used to mark borders of land plots.
A number of stone masons were likewise architects, who built churches and decorated them with sculptural reliefs. Momik was most prominent among them. He lived and worked in Vayots-tzor, and khachkars of Noravank, near Yeghegnatzor are masterpieces of his creation.
According to a widespread folk belief of heathen origin, these stone memorials had the power to protect fields from drought and hail, and also to prevent earthquakes and keep evil forces away.
The cross, being one of the most ancient symbols of the universe, seems to have originated from the solar four-armed disc, and became the emblem of Christianity.
Commemorating important historical events or decorating church walls, cross-stones, due to their multi-purpose use, specific position and delicate weaves, create a harmonious link between the natural surroundings and architecture, providing for their basic continuity.
posted by Zakarian Foundation @ Sunday, May 14, 2006
0 comments
